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If you want your timber frame home to match your design needs, style needs and your budget ...

Congrats, you made the decision to build a timber home. However, you need to do a few things if you want to do things right. Continue to read on to find out what top considerations you should keep in mind if you want your timber frame home to match your design needs, style needs and your budget.

Make Sure It's Designed Properly

Everything starts with a piece of paper. What we mean by this is you want to make sure your timber home is designed properly, which is why it's crucial to hire a professional who has sufficient experience with designing timber homes. A professional with plenty of experience will design your home properly and the end result will be a sturdy home.

Timber Accents or Full Timber

If you want a full timber home, then your entire home will be made with timbers. Your home will be extremely durable. Having your home built this way costs more than having a traditional home built.

Timber accents might be more for you if you don't want to build a full timber home. One way to achieve this is to build a conventional framed home but use timber in certain areas of the home. Some of the best places to install timber includes bedrooms, living rooms and trusses, as well as entrance ways. Be as creative as you want when it comes to installing timber accents.

Post & Beam Frame or Timber Frame

It's important to know what you're looking for because post beams and timber frames can be interchanged. The main difference between a post beam home and a timber frame home is the type of timber that is being used. Post beam posts are usually round, while timber frames are produced by cutting the timbers into squares.

The process of building a timber frame involves assembling various parts to create the frame and then it is lifted, and bents are put into the frame. When all this is done, the roof and walls are installed over it.

Homes being built with post and beams undergo a different process. This is because posts and beams are large in size and they are heavy. More and more people are mixing and matching their timber frame homes because they want to go for a hybrid house.

What Wood to Use

You need to choose the best types of wood for your home. This requires hiring the right engineer and designer. They will help you select the right types of wood based on your personal preference.

The different types of wood species you can choose from include spruce, oak, cedar and pine. There are many other kinds, but those are some of the most popular ones. What you'll pay for them depends on a number of factors such as where you buy them.

Also, the way timber is processed will affect various things, such as the strength of the timber, how long they will last and the way they look to name a few. This is why you need to consider what wood processing method you want to go with. Some of the most affordable options include boxed heart timbers, rough sawn and green wood.

We don't really suggest  using green wood because it hasn't been dried. It's also because it can lead to cracking as the years go by. However, the choice is completely up to you, but do choose carefully.

What Joinery Should You Use

You can join timbers via different ways. The main priority is to make sure it is strong. After that, the next important thing is the way it looks.

Fasteners and joinery made with steel is the top choice due to its durability. However, wood to wood joinery is a good choice too because it is also durable, and it has been used for many years in the building industry. If you choose wood to wood joinery, then you'll pay more in labor, but materials don't cost that much. This is because not as many fasteners are used.

When it comes to looks, think about what you prefer? Do you like steel or wood better because this will play a major role in which one you choose. Don't be afraid to mix things up a bit because a lot of people do this, but make sure your budget can cover the costs.

What Method Should You Use

Builders can incorporate timber into a home's structure in two ways. One way is via an enclosed timber frame, which means the home's walls are built on the outer surface of the timber. This is a good way to highlight the home's timbers and to keep the home airtight. It's also easier to insulate the home.

However, the frame of the home is partly covered, which means the aesthetics of the outside of the home does suffer a bit. If there are strict regulations you have to adhere to, then this isn't a bad thing. It's also not a bad thing if you want an interior that is timber, but a home that looks traditional on the outside.

Building the walls between timbers is another way to do it. Do you want the feel and look of a timber frame home both on the outside and inside? If so, then this is the way to do it.

Choosing A Good Builder

The builder you choose should meet your requirements, budget and needs. Bear in mind that if a builder charges a very cheap price, then something might go wrong or there may be issues. On the other hand, just because a builder charges a lot of money does not mean they are the best.

Take your time to find a builder that knows how to treat a timber frame home. Otherwise you could end up with something you don't want. Always take the time to research builders and compare as many as possible before making a decision.

Building your Dream House

Yes, it is nothing short of intimidating when you think about the project you are about to undertake. But building your dream house doesn't have to be filled with sleepless nights and costly emergencies. Instead, it can be a wonderful journey that sees you settling down in a home you thought up from scratch.

And to help you keep the journey simple and manageable, here are 7 tips to consider when building your house.

1. Establish A Plan with Clear Goals

There is a house in San Francisco, called the Winchester Mystery House. More specifically, it's a mansion that went through a 38-year construction process, mainly because the widow who owned it had some strange beliefs. It seems that she never stopped construction for fear of being overcome by evil spirits. She thought that stopping meant losing her mind, which resulted in one of the strangest properties you'll ever come across. Given there are hallways that don't go anywhere, and doors on the second-story that open up to nothingness - literally.

Even though this is a fascinating piece of history, it is also a clear sign that you should always plan properly. Unless you want to spend three decades with the project? At the same time, you want to set clear and precise goals. Otherwise, you are just going to overwhelm yourself. For example, get detailed about the layout of the house and where you want specific rooms. How many windows do you want and what design do you prefer?

In fact, you can utilize online tools to make this task easier, seeing as you have several areas of planning to cover. But if you don't like online software, some graph paper, and a pen should do the trick too. Additionally, creating a visual presentation of what you need can aid the builders in doing a more accurate job.

2. Budget Wisely

One of the most complex stages of building a house is working out the budget. At face value, it doesn't seem so problematic. You get the quotes from all the professionals that form part of the project, and then you work out a budget according to this information. Right? What is so complicated about that?

It's better to hear it now than finding out the hard way - so ready yourself. Chances are the overall project is going to cost more than you initially think. And this happens for many reasons, but it mainly comes down to costs you didn't anticipate before the project started. For instance, the quote from the builder probably won't include extras like gas meters or cable hookups, to name only a few items.

There is also the matter of finishing costs, which can easily overshoot the budget with 15% to 20%. And what about possible delays in construction due to weather conditions? The fact is there are many costs you have to keep in mind, so be vigilant when you start those calculations. Plus, have additional money set aside for emergencies. The last thing you want is for the project to halt right at the end, simply because the money ran out.

3. Get Picky with Your Builder

Just like the first two stages, the third stage requires critical attention. More specifically, you need to think very carefully about the builder you hire. This is the person who takes charge of the work on-site, and you have to trust them to be aware of all building and construction regulations.

Here are some factors to research and look at before making a final decision:

The Necessary Credentials - It kind of goes without saying that the builder you choose should be licensed and certified to oversee the project. However, it doesn't mean you won't meet "professionals" without these necessary documents. 

Referrals - There is nothing wrong with asking the builder if he or she can provide some referrals. Because an honest opinion from a few previous clients can really help to make a final decision.

Portfolio - As a professional, the builder should be able to share a portfolio which showcases previous projects. In addition to proving he or she is capable of constructing your new home, the portfolio will point out the builder's approach and style. Are you comfortable with it and do you like the way they think?

If you really want to see your vision come to life, do your best to find a builder with a style you can connect with. It will make the process so much easier if the builder understands exactly what you need them to.

Competitive Pricing - While keeping in mind that you get what you pay for, make a point of it to compare quotes from at least 3 different builders. Compare everything else for that matter too, because a cheaper price doesn't necessarily mean a good thing. When an offer is too good to be true, especially when you know how costly a new house can be, it might not be the best option. 

Personality - Building a house from the ground up will not happen in a week or two. A great deal of work goes into a project like this, and it will take several months to finish. And it's for this reason that you should work with a builder you can communicate with easily.

4. Make Sure You Understand Your Agreement with The Builder

Contracts can be tricky, which is why you should always have a lawyer go through the agreement with you. And while you are at it, take note of things the builder won't cover. You also want to see a cooling off period, as well as some leverage on when everything needs to happen.

Of course, the payment arrangements have to be included, just to protect yourself from any possible trouble down the line.

5. What Do Your Finances Look Like?

Nobody really likes this part of the process, because it involves getting the money together to finance your new house. And for those who don't have all the money saved up somewhere, a construction home loan is the most likely answer. It works differently in the sense that you don't get all the moment at once. Instead, the lender provides the finances after establishing how much you qualify for, then they release the funds as the project goes through the proper stages.

6. Be Involved

Even though you trust all the professionals you hired to help build the house, it doesn't mean your part is finished. In fact, you need to stay on top of how things are going, seeing as you are paying for everything. Plus, being involved with all the stages means you won't get any surprises later on when it can't be fixed.

Remember that every dime should be used in a productive way, and you are the one responsible for those dimes. So take charge by checking up on the builder, as well as the other professionals. In other words, make sure you are really getting your dream home.

7. There Are Many Ways to Save

When you dig deep enough, you can avoid a lot of unnecessary expenses. For example, if you shop around for fixtures, you might come across a great bargain. But don't stop there. Find other areas where you can cut costs and save more. All it takes is some extra time on your part to bring down the cost of building a new house.

Because at the end of the day, you are looking at a very expensive journey. So there is no reason why you can't go the extra mile to take off the financial pressure. Go online, shop around, and make your smile even bigger than it already is.

The Practical Pieces of Harvesting

Forest harvesting is the process of cutting down trees for lumber and then delivering it to wood processing plants, sawmills, pulp mills, and more. The practical pieces of the process are log transportation, logging, and constructing roads. The wood is shipped throughout the country where it is used for construction.

It takes many years of planning to decide which parts of the forest are best to harvest, and when and how this should happen, as well as to make sure that these processes take place in the way that is best able to protect environmental and social morals.

The basic process of forest harvesting throughout Canada will depend greatly on the type of forest and the specific region.

History and Background

There are two completely different systems of harvesting the forests in Canada, each of which reflects the country's different types of woodlands. One the Pacific coast there is a temperate rain forest, which is logged regularly for its larger diameter trees that are higher in value, such as western red cedar. Often, individual trees are taken out in a very specific manner, which means fairly expensive harvesting processes. In the rest of Canada, east of the coastal mountains of British Columbia, it is much less expensive to commercially harvest trees. This is the case even for hardwood trees like sugar maple, red oak, and yellow birch, when they are harvested in the forests that make up the Maritimes, Ontario, and Quebec.

Environmental Considerations

While only a century ago, harvesting lumber was driven only by economics, the way it is done today depends on more than just economic considerations. One of the main goals of planning out a harvesting operation is to be sure to cut down the oldest trees first. Companies that need timber on an ongoing basis are typically interested in obtaining their supplies of wood as inexpensively as they can. They can review forest inventory data about tree species and age to help them meet their requirements, and this information is updated on an ongoing basis.

The governments that supervise the land that the forest harvesters work on also make sure that they follow a long list of regulations to take care of the trees, many of which are environmental. While these regulations can vary dramatically across the country, they typically require that parties who harvest timber plan out their harvesting quite a ways in advance.

As the foresters plan out their harvesting process, they're legally obligated to follow numerous environmental values.

Theses can include leaving areas uncut around areas that are environmentally sensitive or areas of concern (AOCs) so that they can be protected. These AOCs may include things like places where fish breed, moose spend the winter, or osprey nest. Forest harvesting plans also often work to protect trees that may serve as wildlife habitats and make sure that they forest is harvested as closely as possible to natural disturbance harvesting.

Additional Considerations

These types of plans should also include measures to protect multiple other factors. Much like environmental protection planning, these vary around the country, but they include commonalities. Heritage sites are often off limits to tree harvesting and may include historical logging camps or areas used by Aboriginal peoples. Tracts of forests that are used for recreation may also be included. This may prevent timber harvesting near areas like summer cottages, lodges, canoe portages, or snowmobile trails.

This planning process is vital to successful forest harvesting in the 21st century. It allows all types of stakeholders near a particular forest a fair opportunity to share their opinions about the plan for harvesting. This process was taken over by many local governments throughout Canada after the environmental movement took hold in the 1960s-1970s as an effort to keep down conflicts over the harvesting.

https://youtu.be/GZYFAvhkUGA

Construction of Roads

The Canadian forest industry puts up thousands of kilometers of roads for logging each year so that companies can access the trees that have been researched and scheduled to be cut. Professional foresters must work to balance conflicting desires. Advocates of the wilderness consistently push for the forest to remain without roads and free of motorized vehicles. Recreational groups like those who enjoy fishing and hunting, however, are happy to increase their access to the wooded areas. Many of the roads that are built for harvesting timber are also only temporary, either unsurfaced summer roads or winter snow roads.

These roads to all require careful surveying and planning. They must be constructed to cause the least amount of impact possible, protect water and resources, and also minimize erosion.

Any road that's permanent will need to be surfaced and may need ditches, culverts, and bridges added.

Logging

Forest harvesting is accomplished with a variety of cutting methods. These can vary from clear-cutting to individual tree selection. Precise individual tree selection can be used to thin out an immature forest that is overpopulated, to cut hardwood trees individually, or to retain cover along specific areas of the forest, such as streams.

Alternatively, the more drastic process is clear cutting, which may be done in forests that have never been harvested before for commercial purposes. Clear cutting allows the entire site to be prepared at once, roads constructed, and the site to be reforested after it is cut. However, the public tends to strongly dislike clear cutting as it leaves behind a large, bare area that can be perceived as less aesthetically pleasing. This means that often, strangely shaped internal patches of the forest are harvested. This means more road construction, and also means that more trees on the fringe of the cut are exposed to wind damage over time. Cutting regulations often insist, however, that professional foresters include a specific number of large cutover areas as they make plans, so that they can accurately scientifically reproduce the conditions that natural disturbances in these regions would create. Patch cutting is often reserved for harvesting crops in succession from a planted forest.

Felling

Although safety has dramatically improved with modern technology, felling trees is still one of the world's most dangerous professions. East of the coastal mountains, felling machines that use chainsaws or circular saws that are mounted on excavators or tractors are often used. Multi function tree harvesters are also used, which can cut, delimb, and top the trees, then move them closer to the roadside for pick up and removal. While mechanical felling is much safer than using a chainsaw, the machines are expensive, and they are best used when a large number of trees are being removed from one location.

Hand held chainsaws are still used quite frequently today, although they're usually found when an operation is working to harvest larger diameter trees of a higher value.

Skidding

Skidding is the process of dragging trees or logs to the side of the road with a tractor, horse, or wheel skidder. Horses and farm tractors are usually still used on small private lots, and wheel skidders, which were developed in the 1950s, are used for most commercial harvesting operations. Skidders often have high flotation tires on them to help avoid or minimize damage to the ground in the forest. Sites that are more sensitive can also be harvested in the winter, when the ground is protected, as it is frozen.

Transporting Logs

Depending on where the logs are loaded, they are transported to the mills in different ways. Water transport is more common along the coast, where the wood is loaded onto barges or put into rafts, then sent down river where it can be processed and effectively utilized.

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What is Commercial Logging?

The next time you sit down in a wooden chair or see a house being constructed using wooden boards, take a minute to think about where that wood comes from. The timber used in these projects is harvested through a process known as commercial logging. From wooden boards and beams to paper pulp, trees play a part in making countless everyday products.

The two methods typically used by loggers when cutting down trees include selective logging and clear-cutting.

With selective logging, only the most desirable trees are harvested. For instance, they may only harvest trees with valuable wood like mahogany, leaving the other trees behind

Clear-cutting, on the other hand, all the trees are harvested regardless of what type they are. This process completely clears the land, which is how it got its name.

Which Method of Harvesting is Better: Clear-Cutting or Selective Logging?

If you are like most people, you probably would say that selective logging is the best option. As it turns out, however, that isn't always the case. With selective logging, healthy trees that are left behind are often damaged during the harvesting process. Cutting down trees requires heavy equipment. When the equipment moves past healthy trees, it can damage them. The percentage of trees that are seriously damaged is quite staggering. In fact, harvesting just one tree with selective logging can wind up killing 40% of the surrounding trees.

Which method of logging is the worst?

There are differing opinions. The main argument against clear-cutting is that it can lead to problems like soil erosion and nutrient depletion, leaving the land unable to support plant life in the future.

There are situations, however, where clear-cutting is a better option than selective logging. When a logging company uses selective logging, they only harvest the largest trees, which are the primary source of seeds for new trees. When they are removed, the seeds are lost. The trees that are left behind keep small seedlings from getting the sunlight that they need, which can keep them from growing into larger trees. With clear-cutting, on the other hand, the seeds that are already in the soil get a consistent amount of sunlight since there are no remaining trees to shade them. Because the seedlings grow alongside one another at the same pace, they all are able to get enough light, allowing them to eventually develop into fully grown trees.

Are there any logging methods that don't do quite as much damage to the surrounding ecosystem?

As it turns out, there is one logging method, which is known as strip logging, that is less harmful than the other methods that are available. The goal of this type of logging is to replicate the natural regrowth process of rainforests.

A Closer Look at Strip Logging

Strip logging uses a special process to remove narrow strips of trees from the slopes that run alongside rivers. A section of trees directly next to the river is left intact. Further up the slope, however, the loggers build a road that runs parallel to the river. Next to the road, they remove a narrow strip of trees. A few years later, another strip of trees is removed further up the slope. As the nutrients erode from the freshly cut strip, they wash down the slope, helping the strip below to recover more quickly. This logging process allows each strip to regrow as additional strips are harvested further up the slope.

Erosion is minimized thanks to the fact that there are trees below the strip and nutrients entering the soil from above.

Reasons for Logging

From an economic standpoint, there are numerous reasons for logging. Land is often cleared for activities like ranching, extracting gas or oil, mining, urban development, or farming. Wood is also required for a number of building applications ranging from constructing homes and businesses to designing and building furniture. Paper, packing materials, product packaging, and other paper products also are derived from trees. The wood that is harvested can also be used to generate heat.

Steps You Can Take as a Consumer to Reduce Rainforest Logging

* Write, draw, or print on each side of a sheet of paper.

* Don't throw away paper products – recycle them.

* Purchase recycled paper products. This includes printer paper, toilet paper, and paper towels.

* Read your local newspaper on the Internet instead of subscribing to the printed version.

* Keep using the same pencil until it is too short to be used anymore.

* Only buy furniture that is made out of certified wood. Certification ensures that the trees were legally harvested.

* Let companies that you buy products from know that you prefer eco-friendly packing materials like recycled paper.

* Reach out to companies that participate in logging activities that are harmful to the environment to let them know that you disapprove of their actions.

The Results of Irresponsible Logging

A Reduction in Biodiversity

Trees provide homes for a wide range of animals and insects. Removing trees from an area not only destroys the natural habitat of local creatures but also disrupts their food supply. Taking away trees also removes the source of seeds, keeping new trees from growing.

The Disappearance of Certain Animal Species

Some types of animals are entirely dependent on trees for their survival.

Once the trees are gone, the likelihood of extinction for these species dramatically increases.

Soil Erosion

When trees are removed from a rain forest, the land becomes barren since the soil is no longer receiving nutrients. Because the roots of the trees are no longer there to absorb water, the topsoil can easily be washed away.

Increased Flooding

Each year, rain forests get anywhere from about 1,500 to 3,000 mm of water through rain. If there are no trees to absorb this water, the chances of flooding dramatically increase. Mudslides are also far more likely to occur. This can be damaging to both the environment and the local economy. Heavy rains can destroy seedlings and small trees and can also do a tremendous amount of damage to structures in the area.

Flooding, large landslides, and other associated problems can even wind up killing people.

Blocked Streams and Rivers

As soil is washed away by rainwater, it is often carried into nearby streams or rivers. This sediment leaves the water cloudy which can interfere with the breeding habits of certain types of fish. For instance, salmon are only able to make nests or lay eggs in areas where the water is clear and where there are small pebbles.

Fragmented Forests Can Negatively Impact Local Wildlife

Cutting down trees can leave empty spaces between patches of trees. This can disrupt the lives of local wildlife, including interfering with their migration patterns, limiting their ability to find food, and ruining their habitat. Forest fragmentation can be devastating for animals, sometimes even leading to their extinction.

The Loss of Trees Contributes to Climate Change

Carbon is stored in trees. When forests are burned or cut down, carbon dioxide is released into the air. This greenhouse gas contributes to global warming due to its tendency to absorb heat.

This can have a detrimental impact on the environment, which can also cause economic harm.

As the temperature of the planet climbs, glaciers begin to melt, leading to a rise in sea levels. This alters the standard weather patterns all across the globe. As a result, hurricanes, floods, droughts, and other devastating weather events are much harsher than they were in the past.

Carbon is stored in trees. When forests are burned or cut down, carbon dioxide is released into the air. This greenhouse gas contributes to global warming due to its tendency to absorb heat. This can have a detrimental impact on the environment, which can also cause economic harm.

As the temperature of the planet climbs, glaciers begin to melt, leading to a rise in sea levels. This alters the standard weather patterns all across the globe.

As a result, hurricanes, floods, droughts, and other devastating weather events are much harsher than they were in the past.

Manitoba Wilderness And Forestry

Manitoba’s natural region and landscape comprises a lot of forest land, both the boreal forest and the mixed wood. Approximately, 35% of the forest region is comprised of productive forest land. The remaining 65% comprises of geological structures, lakes, rivers, wetlands, slopes, and significant elevations, muskeg, and human development and infrastructure.

That being said, it is important to note that Manitoba’s natural forest regions do not have a completed network of protected areas. However, Manitoba Conservation does have numerous Areas of Special Interest (ASIs) under design and review with the intention of providing these areas in the Manitoba’s forest region with the protected status.

This a critical development as Manitoba’s boreal forest regions is in need of urgent and comprehensive protection in light of the pending developments, which will include forest development and other types of developments. The last major establishment of a protected area in a natural forest region was made in 1999. Only minor protected areas have been established since then.

Forests And People In Manitoba

The vast majority of Manitoba’s 1.2 million are individuals and communities that live and thrive in Manitoba’s forests. For instance, there are several cities and towns, including Thompson, The Pas, etc. There are also 62 First Nations communities that have reserve lands in various locations within the forest. Furthermore, there are 50 Northern Affairs communities that mainly comprise of Métis.

Manitoba's Boreal Forests

Manitoba’s largest and most significant forest zone, The Boreal Forest is also the largest ecological community and the largest biome. Also known as the Northern Coniferous forest, the forest zone stretches across one-third of Manitoba. It covers the central and the north-central section of the province, spanning between Manitoba’s two main lakes. It also stretches down on the east side of Lake Winnipeg and across to our Eastern border and into Ontario.

Manitoba’s forest region is dominated by poplar, jack pine, and white spruce in the uplands while the fens and lowlands bogs contain black spruce. However, there is more to Manitoba’s boreal. In these areas, you will find peat bogs, cold lakes, rivers, wetlands, muskeg, and many other features dotting the area.

On the human activities fronts, the industrial developments found within Manitoba’s boreal forest including hydro-electric production activities, mining, and forest operations. However, since a significant portion of the boreal region have not been allocated and, therefore, not impacted by human development and infrastructure such as roads, Tourism is potentially a significant economic activity.

For more information on Manitoba’s boreal forest, visit the Wildland’s Boreal Forest page. Therein you will learn more about the boreal forest, species, and the overall forest ecosystems. You will also learn about the need to conserve the forest and the efforts currently being made.

Corridors And Roads In Manitoba's Boreal

Assessing the developmental impacts on the boreal forest is a daunting endeavor. For starters, the overall impact cannot be fully understood as most impact studies only focus on the small area where the actual development is taking place. As such, a small impact footprint is only studied, thereby ignoring the effects that take place beyond the development area.

Linear disturbances are disturbance events that disrupt the structure of an ecosystem, population, or a community, thereby changing the availability and distribution of resources in the environment. This disturbance form and line pattern in the general landscape.

Linear disturbances that arise from human developmental activities (some are caused by natural phenomena) create corridors in the areas, which in turn cause adverse negative side effects to the overall ecosystem and the flora and fauna in the boreal forest. For instance, the corridors cause fragmentation, a phenomenon where linear disturbances cause a large and continuous mass of land to divide into two smaller patches.

This converts forest some interior habitats in the forest into edge habitat. This process has the effects of encouraging the invasion of this sections of the forest by non-native species, increasing mortality, increased accessibility by both humans and predictors, increased soil erosion, and in many cases, reduced habitat effectiveness. In effect, for many habitat types and species, linear disturbances can cause total devastation.

Transmission Corridors In MB

To understand and illustrate the various impacts that linear disturbance causes on the boreal landscape, the Manitoba Wildlands studied some of the potential effects of roads hydro transmission corridors. While they only studied two types of impact, it is important to note that there are plenty of other impact types that can occur.

The information gain from these assessments is important as it lays bare the potential of linear disturbances as a result of development. The studies and assessments are also important for a better understanding of the cumulative effects that new developments have in the boreal region.

Furthermore, the studies demonstrate the variety of information needed and the various analysis that should be carried out for due process as part of an environmental assessment of proposed development projects in and around the boreal region.

Manitoba Forest Policies And Regulation

Federal vs. Provincial

Under the Canadian Constitution, the various natural resources are controlled by the various provinces as they are under the provincial jurisdiction, except in very specific circumstances. Therefore, the Government of Manitoba is authority responsible for the management and the use of the forest on public (crown) lands in the province.

As such, the province makes the regulation and laws and lay out the policies that govern the exploitation, management, and, importantly, the protection of the forests.

The federal government input in forests mainly focuses on the trade and investment, science and technology, industrial and regional development, international relations, climate change, water protection, Aboriginal affairs, environmental regulation, and the federal land management.